Lương et al. (2021) — Crumb Rubber Modified Ultra-Ductile Slag Composites
Citation
Quang-Hiếu Lương, Huy Hoàng Nguyễn, Jeong-Il Choi, Hyeong-Ki Kim, Bang Yeon Lee (2021). Effects of crumb rubber particles on mechanical properties and sustainability of ultra-high-ductile slag-based composites. Construction and Building Materials, 272, 121959.
- DOI:
10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121959 - Atlas layer: extension
- Related Victor Li book chapter: Chapter 9: Green ECC (also Chapter 4)
- Source PDF:
primary_data/luong-2021-effects-of-crumb-rubber-particles.pdfIJP05721E_Effects of crumb rubber particles_CBM.pdf` - Extracted text:
secondary_data/full_texts/luong-2021-effects-of-crumb-rubber-particles_full_text.mdsecondary_data/full_texts/IJP05721E_Effects of crumb rubber particles_CBM_full_text.md` - Source note:
secondary_data/source_notes/luong-2021-effects-of-crumb-rubber-particles_source_note.mdsecondary_data/source_notes/IJP05721E_Effects of crumb rubber particles_CBM_source_note.md`
Why this paper matters
Breaks the 10 % direct tensile ductility ceiling in cementless alkali-activated slag composites by incorporating 5 wt. % recycled scrap tire crumb rubber (CR, 40 mesh), achieving a tensile strain capacity of 10.67 % (10.7 %) with 0.70 mm crack spacing. Combining 5 % CR with 5 % silica fume restores tensile strength to 10.58 MPa and maximizes toughness to 0.75 $\text{MPa}\cdot\text{m/m}$, reducing embodied energy by 29.2 % and $\text{CO}_2$ emissions by 19.8 % compared to UHD-ECC.
Main contribution
- Record Direct Tensile Strain Capacity (10.67 %): Achieved a direct tensile ductility of $10.67 \pm 0.80\text{ \%}$ in 5 % crumb rubber-modified slag composite (S-CR5) with $\sigma_{tu} = 9.48\text{ MPa}$ and $f_c = 39.4\text{ MPa}$.
- Silica Fume Hybridization (10.58 MPa & 10.02 %): Adding 5 % silica fume (S-CR5-SF5) boosted tensile strength to $10.58\text{ MPa}$, sustained $10.02\text{ \%}$ ductility, and achieved a peak toughness of $0.75\text{ MPa}\cdot\text{m/m}$.
- Quantitative MSI Sustainability Assessment: Proved that S-CR5 reduces embodied energy by 29.2 % ($3176\text{ kJ/m}^3$), $\text{CO}_2$ emissions by 19.8 % ($566\text{ kg/m}^3$), and cost by 14.9 % ($1070\text{ \$/m}^3$) relative to UHD-ECC.
Evidence summary
- Direct Tensile Response at 28 Days:
S-0(Control): $\epsilon_c = 7.87\text{ \%}$, $\sigma_{tu} = 11.26\text{ MPa}$, $\sigma_{fc} = 4.88\text{ MPa}$, Toughness = $0.64\text{ MPa}\cdot\text{m/m}$ (Table 4, Page 6).S-CR5(5 % CR): $\epsilon_c = 10.67 \pm 0.80\text{ \%}$, $\sigma_{tu} = 9.48\text{ MPa}$, $\sigma_{fc} = 3.64\text{ MPa}$, Toughness = $0.70\text{ MPa}\cdot\text{m/m}$, SPI = 2.61.S-CR10(10 % CR): $\epsilon_c = 9.21\text{ \%}$, $\sigma_{tu} = 5.43\text{ MPa}$, $\sigma_{fc} = 2.73\text{ MPa}$, Toughness = $0.38\text{ MPa}\cdot\text{m/m}$.S-CR5-SF5(5 % CR + 5 % SF): $\epsilon_c = 10.02 \pm 0.19\text{ \%}$, $\sigma_{tu} = 10.58 \pm 0.61\text{ MPa}$, $\sigma_{fc} = 4.33\text{ MPa}$, Toughness = $0.75\text{ MPa}\cdot\text{m/m}$.- 28-Day Compressive Strength: S-0 = $55.6\text{ MPa}$, S-CR5 = $39.4\text{ MPa}$, S-CR10 = $30.5\text{ MPa}$, S-CR5-SF5 = $40.1\text{ MPa}$ (Fig. 5, Page 5).
- Crack Microstructure: 55 % increase in crack count with average crack spacing of 0.70 mm in S-CR5 (Fig. 11, Page 8).
- MSI Life Cycle Metrics: Embodied energy $3176\text{ kJ/m}^3$ (-29.2 %), $\text{CO}_2$ $566\text{ kg/m}^3$ (-19.8 %), Cost $1070\text{ \$/m}^3$ (-14.9 %) vs UHD-ECC (Fig. 14, Page 10).
Linked Atlas nodes
04_material_systems/green_ecc.md02_concepts/strain_hardening_criteria.md05_experiments/crack_width_distribution.md05_experiments/direct_tensile_test.md
Relationship to Victor Li book
- Primary book anchor remains Victor Li (2019), Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC).
- Directly extends Chapter 9 (Green ECC, Section 9.5 MSI framework) and Chapter 4 by demonstrating that recycled rubber particles act as artificial micro-flaws to break the 10 % direct tensile ductility ceiling in cementless geopolymers.
Claim-evidence rows to add
| Atlas node | Claim | Evidence summary | Page/Figure/Table | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
04_material_systems/green_ecc.md |
Incorporating 5 wt. % crumb rubber into PE-AAS composite achieves ultra-high tensile ductility of 10.67 % with 0.70 mm crack spacing | S-CR5 direct tension tests verified $\epsilon_c = 10.67\text{ \%}$, $\sigma_{tu} = 9.48\text{ MPa}$, and 0.70 mm crack spacing | Page 121959:1 & 6 / Table 4 & Table 5 | verified_from_pdf |
04_material_systems/green_ecc.md |
Combining 5 % crumb rubber with 5 % silica fume delivers 10.58 MPa tensile strength, 10.02 % strain capacity, and 0.75 $\text{MPa}\cdot\text{m/m}$ toughness | S-CR5-SF5 achieved $\sigma_{tu} = 10.58\text{ MPa}$, $\epsilon_c = 10.02\text{ \%}$, and peak toughness 0.75 $\text{MPa}\cdot\text{m/m}$ | Page 121959:6 & 9 / Table 4 / Fig. 7 & 8 | verified_from_pdf |
04_material_systems/green_ecc.md |
Rubberized AAS composite cuts embodied energy by 29.2 %, $\text{CO}_2$ emissions by 19.8 %, and cost by 14.9 % compared to UHD-ECC | MSI life cycle calculations confirmed 29.2 % energy and 19.8 % $\text{CO}_2$ reductions per $\text{m}^3$ | Page 121959:8 & 9 / Table 6 / Fig. 14 | verified_from_pdf |
Verification status
- PDF preserved: yes (in
primary_data/IJP05721E_Effects of crumb rubber particles_CBM.pdf) - Text extracted: yes (PyMuPDF, 11 pages)
- DOI verified: yes (
10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121959) - Page/figure/table verified: yes (all checked in PDF text)
- Claim-evidence matrix ready: yes
Cautions
- 10 wt. % CR excessive addition cuts compressive strength to 30.5 MPa (-45.2 %) and tensile strength to 5.43 MPa (-51.8 %).