Wen & Cao (2024) — Reinforcement effects on the tensile properties of seawater sea-sand...

Citation

Shaoyong Wen, Mingli Cao (2024). Reinforcement effects on the tensile properties of seawater sea-sand engineered cementitious composites reinforced with multi-scale hybrid fibers. Structures, Vol. 64, Article 106579.

DOI: 10.1016/j.istruc.2024.106579
Atlas layer: extension
Related Victor Li book chapter: Chapter 4: Special ECCs / Marine Infrastructure; Chapter 2: Micromechanics and Materials Design
Source PDF: wen-2024-reinforcement-effects-on-the-tensile.pdf
Extracted text: atlas/full_text/wen-2024-reinforcement-effects-on-the-tensile_full_text.md
Source note: atlas/source_notes/wen-2024-reinforcement-effects-on-the-tensile_source_note.md

Why this paper matters

Investigates a ternary multi-scale hybrid fiber reinforcement system (0.5 vol% CaCO3 whiskers + 2.0 vol% PE + 0.5 vol% stainless steel fibers) in seawater sea-sand ECC, achieving 150.1 MPa compressive strength, 10.8 MPa tensile strength, 5.1% tensile strain capacity, and first-cracking strength of 7.9 MPa while keeping average crack widths below 100 µm.

Main contribution

Developed a ternary multi-scale hybrid fiber architecture (sub-micron CW + meso PE + macro SSF) in a high-strength seawater sea-sand matrix ($w/b = 0.20$).
Overcame steel fiber-induced embrittlement: 0.5 vol% CW restored tensile ductility from 4.3% to 5.1% and reduced crack width to $93.2\ \mu\text{m}$.
Attained ultra-high compressive strength ($150.1\text{ MPa}$) and high first-cracking strength ($7.9\text{ MPa}$).
Established high comprehensive performance index $\sigma_c\sigma_t\varepsilon/w = 0.89\text{--}0.95\text{ MPa}^2/\mu\text{m}$.

Evidence summary

Compressive strength: C0/P2/S0 ($124.3\text{ MPa}$), C0.5/P2/S0 ($140.2\text{ MPa}$), C0/P2/S0.5 ($147.8\text{ MPa}$), C0.5/P2/S0.5 ($150.1\text{ MPa}$) (Table 4, page 5, Fig. 3a).
Direct tensile properties:
C0.5/P2/S0.5: $\sigma_{fc} = 7.9\text{ MPa}$, $\sigma_t = 10.8 \pm 1.0\text{ MPa}$, $\varepsilon = 5.1 \pm 0.8\%$, $w = 93.2\ \mu\text{m}$.
C0.5/P2/S0: $\sigma_{fc} = 4.6\text{ MPa}$, $\sigma_t = 8.1 \pm 0.9\text{ MPa}$, $\varepsilon = 6.6 \pm 0.8\%$, $w = 78.7\ \mu\text{m}$ (Table 4, Figs. 3, 4).
Cracking & Microstructure: Three-stage cracking mechanism mapped; CW densifies macro-fiber ITZ and bridges sub-micron matrix microcracks (Figs. 5, 6).

Linked Atlas nodes

04_material_systems/high_strength_ecc.md
04_material_systems/green_ecc.md
02_concepts/strain_hardening_criteria.md
05_experiments/direct_tensile_test.md

Claim-evidence rows to add

Atlas node	Claim	Evidence summary	Page/Figure/Table	Status
`04_material_systems/high_strength_ecc.md`	Ternary hybrid reinforcement with 0.5 vol% CaCO3 whiskers, 2.0 vol% PE, and 0.5 vol% stainless steel fibers in SS-ECC achieves 150.1 MPa compressive strength, 10.8 MPa tensile strength, and 7.9 MPa first-cracking strength.	ASTM C109 compressive testing and JSCE tensile tests on ternary hybrid SS-ECC verified 150.1 MPa compressive strength and 10.8 MPa tensile strength.	Pages 1, 4, 5, Section 3.1 & Abstract, Table 4, Figs. 3, 4d	verified_from_pdf
`02_concepts/strain_hardening_criteria.md`	While 0.5 vol% stainless steel fibers reduce PE-ECC tensile strain capacity to 4.3%, adding 0.5 vol% CaCO3 whiskers restores ductility to 5.1% and refines crack width to 93.2 µm by densifying the macro-fiber ITZ.	Uniaxial tensile testing and DIC crack measurements verified ductility recovery and crack refinement via CW addition.	Pages 1, 4, 5, Section 3.1, 3.2.1, Table 4, Figs. 3d, 4d, 6	verified_from_pdf

Verification status

PDF preserved: yes (wen-2024-reinforcement-effects-on-the-tensile.pdf)
Text extracted: yes (atlas/full_text/wen-2024-reinforcement-effects-on-the-tensile_full_text.md)
DOI verified: yes (10.1016/j.istruc.2024.106579)
Page/figure/table verified: yes
Claim-evidence matrix ready: yes

Cautions

Workability decreases with ternary fiber addition (slump spread 152 mm); thorough high-shear mixing is essential.